Descriptive Essay - Original Writing - 922 Words

I feel the rain pelting down on me as I ran across the faded footpath. I blame myself for not bringing an umbrella even when I was compelled to. I find some place to stand under a bus stop. I stand there shivering as the cold seeps through my skin. My long hair is dripping wet and so are my clothes. I think of calling my mum to pick me up but that’s not what I was here for. I didn’t come all the way here for nothing. I have been waiting for this for a whole year, I can’t possibly back out of this. The thought of my mum finding out scares me the most. I can just imagine her expression when she she s the ink that is permanently on my wrist. My heart races just thinking of it. I think this over and over again if this is the right thing to do and force myself to just go with it. I stand there overthinking my decision until the rain stops to about a drizzle. I calmly walk down the street and find the shop named Inkspired. It was pretty easy to find the shop as most of them were closed. Inkspired was the brightest shop on the street. I stood in front of the door with my heart beating and my head rushing. I opened the door as it made a sound. I was surprised by the way the interior designs looked. Outside it was just a an old shop but inside it was something else. The tiles were checkered with black and white and the walls were filled with intricate deigns. I stood there mesmerised by the overall look of the shop. A voice came from the back door which snapped me from myShow MoreRelatedDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1110 Words   |  5 PagesI don’t know how I got to where I am, but I’m here now, and I have to win if I want to live. I am in a game, and in order to live, I have to escape. That’s the thing, though: I don’t know how to escape. I was running for my life around this old house that looked like it came straight out of a horror movie. I doubled over and held my head in pain as I saw the static, which meant it was coming. I was being chased by what looked like a person but in no way acted like one. Just as it was about to appearRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1102 Words   |  5 PagesIt is on days like this when we stop to think about our life. Small drops of rain begin to dapple the cobblestone pavement as people whip out their umbrellas for cover. I continue sauntering down the b usy street, relishing the feeling of a light shower. Moving with the mass of pedestrians, I stop at a crosswalk where I wait for the stoplight to turn green. A flower shop employee across the street scurries to bring in the numerous bouquets and close the doors as rain starts rolling down the displayRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing914 Words   |  4 PagesDreamy I thought. Standing on the corner is a young guy with a smile. I see him here almost every day, so I linger for a while. He tells me his name, and I tell him mine. I m Ester, what s your name? I enquired. My names David .,He replied. We end up talking for a while and I asked him if he had ever left this city. He tells me of all these stories of the places where he s been, the distant lakes and mountains, and in valleys oh so green. I can see it in his eyes, he really has beenRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing974 Words   |  4 Pages I was used to moving round, having a mother who liked to travel more than making roots was something I had gotten used to. Still, I had never gotten used to the loneliness of an empty house when she was out exploring, or the feeling of leaving behind someone who could have meant something to me. Our most recent move was Oregon. It was pretty, and I didn’t mind it, but it was much different than Florida. Not only was it opposite sides of the country, it felt as if it were opposite worlds. InRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1012 Words   |  5 Pageshave plenty of time in the next month to think about my feeling in regards to Kendrick. I needed to finish up the article and get it off to my editor. I should be able to get it done by tonight and send an email in the morning. I was thinking of writing my next article about the sea life around the Scottish coast. Since our salmon dinner last evening I thought I would do a piece about the commercial salmon farming that began in Scotland in 1969. In 2002 over 145,000 metric tons of farmed AtlanticRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1561 Words   |  7 PagesThere’s something I need to say and what follows may not be something that you’d expect, it won’t be heartening or uplifting. If you remember today, I told you about going somewhere I wanted to go to†¦ I’m not sure if you believed and accepted what I now confess as untrue; it is partly. I needed to pull away emo tionally†¦ from you. You must have had fathomed that some degree of formality had seeped between us. Born of habit, formulaic greetings had become a routine. You presume that I’m a close friendRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1387 Words   |  6 PagesI was wearing a beautiful blue dress with sapphire gems all around the chest area as I entered the ball with Ciel and Sebastian. I took a good look around here, the hallway was lined with gold. There was a servant ready to escort us to the ball room. Hello, come this way. He said, walking forward. Wow, this place is so fancy! I exclaimed, looking around. It s fake gold. Ciel bluntly replied, bringing my hopes down. I sighed. Ciel sounded like he wasn t in a very good mood. Ciel, lightenRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1287 Words   |  6 Pages In the morning, Caireann woke me up. She stood above my bed, shaking my shoulder. I opened my eyes, looking at her. Then I looked across the room to her empty bed. Andy s empty bed sat in the corner. I swallowed, climbing out of bed. Sleep well? Caireann asked me, starting out the door. Yeah, I said, going over to our small dresser. I had the bottom two drawers. Andy had the middle two, and Caireann had the top. I pulled open the drawers, pulling on a colorful tank top and a grayRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1345 Words   |  6 PagesLater that night, I was behind the wheel of my G-Wagon with Melissa in the passenger seat. She didn’t feel like driving since she was on the road all day and I understood so I didn’t mind when she asked me to. I had been tight-lipped. She kept eyeballing me as if she detected that something was bothering me but I just kept singing to my India Arie as if I was carefree. â€Å"So are you going to tell me what’s going on or no† Melissa said disrupting my own personal concert. I stopped singing and tookRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1085 Words   |  5 PagesI WAS SITTING IN a taxi, wondering if I had overdressed for the evening, when I looked out the window and saw Mom rooting through a Dumpster. It was just after dark. A blustery March wind whipped the steam coming out of the manholes, and people hurried along the sidewalks with their collars turned up. I was stuck in traffic two blocks from the party where I was heading. Mom stood fifteen feet away. She had tied rags around her shoulders to keep out the spring chill and was picking through the trash

Counselling Suicide and Miracle Question Essay - 1414 Words

STUDENT DETAILS ACAP Student ID: 199735 Name: Karla Balino Course: Diploma of Counselling (CHC51708) ASSESSMENT DETAILS Unit/Module: CHC8D34V Support Clients Educator: Bernadette Brown Assessment Name: 2 (Apply counselling therapies to address a range of client issues) Assessment Number: 2 Term amp; Year: Term 3 / 2012 Word Count: Part 1200 words. DECLARATION I declare that this assessment is my own work, based on my own personal research/study . I also declare that this assessment, nor parts of it, has not been previously submitted for any other unit/module or course, and that I have not copied in part or whole or otherwise plagiarised the work of another student and/or persons. I have read the ACAP†¦show more content†¦Another main concern will be if she is being or has been abused either verbally, physically or maybe a combination of both. Sally suffers from low self esteem, depression, anxiety and suicidal ideations, so I should keep in mind the possibility of referrals to medical professionals or even recommending consulting with her family doctor for depression medication. 3. Briefly explain how you would help this client identify practical goals. During our counselling sessions Sally and I may have discussed her issues, difficulties and of course her doubts. As a counsellor I can help Sally determine what her practical goals might be and what is stopping her from achieving them. By keeping a record of my sessions with Sally I can identify some key factors about her personal needs, her relationship, her low self – esteem and her suicidal ideas and tendencies. This will give me the chance as a counsellor to talk in a more positive and sensitive way to her, giving her the chance to actually achieve goals not only being there as unachievable dreams and to move forward after regaining the confidence she might need. 4. Explain what techniques you would use in working with this client and why. Many techniques can be used to solve Sally’s conflicts. Every person reacts differently to different techniques. This is a very delicate part of the process because it may involve physical treatmentShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Eating Disorders Essay1626 Words   |  7 Pageswhich causes the affected person to purge their food through vomiting, and one of the most common eating disorders -- anorexia nervosa. (Eating Disorders, 2008) Many of these disorders can be treated in multiple ways, the most common way is through counselling with a social worker, the social worker helps develop a treatment plan for the client and aids them in their recovery. Issues The fundamental issue behind this system is that the social worker must dig far deeper to gain access and knowledge asRead MoreThe Dysfunctional Relationship Of John And Sarah1650 Words   |  7 Pagesbe discussed and identification of behavioural partners passed down from generations will be explored and brief discussion around her father suicide will be addressed and the impacts of this in her family system. Additionally John and Sarah’s strengths and challenges will be identified testing the hypothesis. Lastly a summary of John and Sarah’s counselling strategies, goal and interventions will be presented in this case study. Hypothesis Sarah and John relationship issues have resulted inRead MoreThe Dysfunctional Relationship Of John And Sarah1593 Words   |  7 Pagesattention to him since the kids were born. Sarah finds John irresponsible, and that she needs to look after paying the bills otherwise it would not get done. Another hypothesis is Sarah’s experience of unnatural death by her father, Max who committed suicide. Sarah was devasted and this may have an impact on her. The system theory framework is designed to understand human behaviour in a family or a relationship context as a whole. By viewing each family members effects of others, allows everyone to haveRead MoreSummarise and Discuss the Presentations of Mental Health in the Two Newspaper Articles Given in Appendix 1. (1500 Words).1864 Words   |  8 PagesDaily Mail 1st May 2008). A study of mental illness in six countries, by Professor Michael King, found that the rate of major depression and panic syndrome was highest among males in the UK. Professor Cary Cooper from British Association of Counselling and Psychotherapy, suggests traditional British cultural patterns and long working hours means men are less able to talk about their problems than women or express their emotions so become less emotionally intelligent than women. Mental illnessRead MoreHealth And Social Work : The Aid For Anorexia Nervosa Essay2343 Words   |  10 Pageswhich causes the affected person to purge their food through vomiting, and one of the most common eating disorders -- anorexia nervosa. (Eating Disorders, 2008) Many of these disorders can be treated in multiple ways, the most common way is through counselling with a social worker, the social worker helps develop a treatment plan for the client and aids them in their recovery. Issues The fundamental issue behind this system is that the social worker must dig far deeper to gain access and knowledge asRead MoreSources of Ethics20199 Words   |  81 Pagesperson’s life or marriage or reputation of property† Via a rule exemplified by the Golden Rule (or its variations in many religions) and the Ten Commandments, religious morality is clearly a primary force in shaping our societal ethics. The question her concerns the applicability of religious ethics to the business community. 2- Genetic Inheritance: In recent years, social-biologists have lots of evidence and arguments to suggest that the evolutionary forces of natural selection influenceRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesstrategy, particularly regarding sustainable competitive advantage and resources, and corporate strategy, particularly regarding diversiï ¬ cation and internationalisation. There are also issues of ownership and organisation. In the end, the fundamental question is: what future for the Ministry? ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  In 1991, 28-year-old James Palumbo invested  £225,000 (≈a340,000) of his own capital into a new dance club located in an old South London bus depot. As an old Etonian (the UK’s most elitist private school)

A License for the Future Free Essays

Many of our nation’s children are brought up in an environment that is ill conducive to their well-being and thus fails to provide them with necessary skills and traits requisite for future success. There are many things that contribute to molding a child’s personality—such as friends, television, and school. However, it is the parents that are the main determining factor in the child’s development, because they are the highest authority in regard to the child, by deciding such things as what schools the child will attend and directly as well as indirectly influencing the child simply through the relationship they share and the behaviors they set forth as example. We will write a custom essay sample on A License for the Future or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, with this in mind, it is of the most crucial importance that there should be some form of parental licensing system established. There must be a parent licensing system to ensure that children are in the care of capable guardians. Amid some of the incapable guardians can include the mentally handicapped, teenagers, and social delinquents. Individuals of these kinds may sometimes not be suitable parents merely from a lack of emotional stability as well as insufficient mental capacities necessary for understanding the needs of a child, inability to set their priorities straight due to immaturity, and also problems of the different kinds of abuse—physical, verbal, or even drug related. These are the kinds of conditions that are almost guaranteed to harm a child’s development. There are alternatives to leaving a child in the custody of biological parents, which include foster care and adoption. Foster care, however, can be a dreadful environment for a child to grow up in. Foster parents can oftentimes be abusive, and due to the child knowing that they are not with their biological parents they may have greater cause to rebel; this, along with abuse, may produce problems that send them from foster home to foster home, which, all of this being considered, is certainly an unstable environment for a child to grow up in. Adoption results in a family similar to one where the child’s guardians are their actual parents, yet the only considerable difference is that they are not the biological parents. Any problems found in an adopted family that could lead to the child’s poor development will also be found in a family where the parents are biological. This clearly shows that even the alternatives require some strict form of parental licensing system. It is accepted that children must be taken care of and kept safe, but almost never looked at why. So, for the moment, I would like to look at the reasons. Children are the future, and it is essential to keep them safe to ensure their development and success. If a child is raised effectively, then they will be less likely to contribute to crime and more likely to add to the safe guard of others. With the decrease of children turning into criminal adults, there will be less strain put on the government. Thus, there will be more money for more important things such as education, health benefits, and well-needed repairs in society. In addition, more qualified and capable people will regulate the government due to their effective upbringing as children. Furthermore, the overall social well-being of citizens, simply from the decrease of criminal activities, will be higher and produce safer communities. Parent licensing will be established in a similar manner as the licenses that are already required for performing many other acts. Just as we require licensing for activities dealt with by drivers and physicians—activities that are potentially harmful to others—parent licensing will be established because of the severity of injuries that can be caused to children and the future that they are to be a part of. Many people believe that parent licensing would be inappropriate because it would intrude into their lives. However, the invasion would be only at the beginning and at a later period of time if there were probable cause that showed necessity for attention. Similarly, when someone gets their drivers license, at the beginning they give out all of the information required, and later there will only be an intrusion if they were involved in a car accident or something significant that requires their attention. Furthermore, people will have plenty of opportunity to obtain a parent license if they desire to do so. Much like a drivers license, if they do not show qualifications for at least the minimal competence required to drive, then they have an opportunity to do so at a later time; until then they can take a course or study to prepare for the test. Thus, people who do not have the capability to attain a parent license the first time around, may be inspired to take the necessary steps to ensure that they obtain their parenting license. Many people would object by saying that it would be too difficult to apply and put too much financial strain on the government. They claim it is too difficult because there are most likely more children waiting for adoption than there are individuals willing to adopt, let alone individuals qualified as being an adopter. Also, they say that by not allowing some children, as unfortunate as it is, to be raised in a household not entirely appropriate for their upbringing, far more funds will need to be provided to programs that exist as temporary housings for those children who have not yet been found suitable caretakers. However, parent licensing is the best we can do to ensure that the children are brought up in a manner suitable to guarantee their success and development. It is true that in the beginning it may be costly and difficult, but this is only looking at the present, for in the future it will be beneficial. The strain on government would be likely to go down enormously because, as noted earlier, there would be less social delinquents committing criminal acts, which would require less facilities or programs dealing with crimes, and it will produce an overall social environment. The government will be well run with people well qualified for positions. If we are to allow driver’s licenses then we should most definitely have parent licensing. If you hit someone with your car, it is not going to create a chain reaction; they may get injured but once they are healed it does not mean that they are going to go out and hit other cars themselves. However, parenting is a delicate thing, for a child is being raised who is active and can influence the world around him or her on a daily basis—for good or bad. This child, as is possible, if turned out as incompetent, can become an inadequate parent as well, and thus raise an incompetent child of their own. So, as is evident from all that has been thus far enumerated, parent licensing is a necessity that must be established. How to cite A License for the Future, Papers

Dehydration Paper free essay sample

July 11, 2010 Water is an essential part of our every day lives, whether we know it or not. In the body water bathes the cells of the body and lubricates and cleanses internal and external body organs. Watery tears lubricate the eyes and wash away dirt, saliva lubricates the mouth, making it easier to chew and swallow foods. Water resists compression so it cushions body compartments such as the Joints and eyeballs against shock. In addition, water functions in chemical reactions and help the body regulate body temperature. So as you can see water is needed and is essential for he body to function properly. Body Temperature Water is important in maintain body temperature, water holds heat, and changes temperature slowly helps keep body temperature constant is important. The bodies temperature should maintain a level around 98. 6 degrees Fahrenheit. If the body temperature rises above 108 degrees or falls below 80 degrees Fahrenheit, death is likely. We will write a custom essay sample on Dehydration Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Sweat also helps regulate body temperature. When the body becomes too hot the brain triggers the sweat glands in the skin to produce sweat, which is mostly water. As the sweat evaporates from the skin, heat is loss, cooling the body. Chemical Reaction Water is an excellent solvent; glucose, amino acids, minerals, and many other substances needed by body cells dissolve in water. The chemical reactions of metabolism that support life take place in water. Water also helps the proper level acidity in the body. Dehydration Dehydration is the process of removing water from a substance or a compound; excessive loss of water from the body or from an organ or body part. There are three types of dehydration: mild, moderate, and severe. According to www. symptomsofdehydration. com mild dehydration occurs when the ody has lost 2% of its total fluid. Mild dehydration symptoms are often; but not limited to: thirst, lost of appetite, dry skin, skin flushing, dark colored urine, dry mouth, fatigue, or weakness, chills, and head rushes. Moderate dehydration occurs when the body has lost 5% of its total fluid. Moderate dehydration symptoms are often: Increased heart rate, increased respiration, decreased sweating, decreased urination, increased body temperature, extreme fatigness, muscle cramps, headaches, nausea, and tingling of the limbs. Severe dehydration occurs when the body has lost 10% of its total fluid. With severe dehydration emergency help is needed immediately. Symptoms of severe dehydration include: muscle spasms, vomiting, racing pulse, shriveled skin, dimmed vision, painful urination, confusion, difficulty breathing, seizures, chest and abdominal pain, and unconsciousness. Electrolytes based balance throughout the body. Sodium, potassium, and chloride are key electrolytes in the body. Sodium is concentrated outside of the cells, and the recommended intake is 1500mg per day. Sodiums main purpose in the body is to aide in nerve transmission, uscle contractions and fluid balance. Potassium is concentrated inside cells where it is 20 times more concentrated then outside the cells. Potassiums recommended intake is 4700mg per day, its main purpose in the body is to aide in nerve transmission, muscle contractions, and fluid balance. Chlorides recommended intake is 2300mg per day, chlorides main purposes in the body is to maintain fluid balance. Alcohol and Caffeine According to www. answers. yahoo. com alcohol and caffeine is a diuretic that makes you urinate more frequently; thereby speeding up the process of loss fluid rom the body.

Resurfacing free essay sample

As I reflect on the medley of chaos and thrill that dominated my high school experience, my mind continually wanders to the misfortunes that haunted my senior year. I floundered in a sea of profound sorrow and personal battles. The dawn of this four-year endeavor seemed intimidating, but starkly differed from the tribulations I encountered in twelfth grade. It seemed as though the further I advanced in high school, the deeper I settled beneath a sea of struggles. My self-assurance on the first day of senior year contrasted remarkably with the uneasy shyness of my freshman self. I recall how confidently I got out of my silver Nissan Sentra and strode through the pebbly pavement towards the lively cafeteria. Upon spotting my best friend, Nicole, I ran towards her and squeezed the breath out of her; we constantly giggled and wore huge smiles on our faces as we headed towards our first class of the year. We will write a custom essay sample on Resurfacing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We were now the revered seniors, attracting the admiration of the novice freshmen. â€Å"I am SO excited for homecoming. We’re doing powderpuff, right?† Nicole reminded me. â€Å"Duh. Even though we know nothing about football. We’re going to do everything, so that we can make the most of our last year together, remember?† I retorted. We giggled as we entered the familiar classroom. Posters of all sorts of literary works hung at odd angles from the beige walls and a mixture of known and unfamiliar faces resided in the desks of the musty space. I greeted my Academic Decathlon teacher, Ms. Mathew, and settled into a tiny desk. As the final bell softly rang throughout the hallways, Ms. Mathew shuffled to the center of the classroom. All eyes converged to her as she introduced herself and began detailing the program’s curriculum. I spaced out while she presented this familiar information to the rookie Decathletes. However, when Ms. Mathew’s tone shifted from silliness to utter seriousness, I felt queasy. â€Å"Although the first scrimmage includes all members of Higley’s ‘AcDec’, the team will eventually cut down to nine competitors, who will participate in the regional and state competitions. This means you’re going to have to devote much time to studying the material to score high enough and to experience the entire competition season,† she declared. Though I was thoroughly familiar with the class and the competition, my mind flooded with anxiety and doubt. I quickly brushed the anxiety off. Yet it is peculiar how this sentiment would stream behind me throughout the whole year. Soon enough, my friendship with Nicole began to fragment. Her personal life was ridden with discord, which affected our relationship. She sparingly contacted me, embarrassed to disclose what occurred within her familial sphere. I tried helping her, but she wouldn’t let me. I witnessed the transformation of our sisterhood. I didn’t anticipate it. Our seemingly everlasting bond unexpectedly corrupted. We seldom texted or spoke on the phone, and she physically distanced herself from me in school. It was a sunny Friday. Thankful for the school having ended, I raced home and into the comfort of my warmly lit room. I gazed at my phone’s vibrant screen, anticipating a message from her. No new notifications. I put the thing aside and tried to distract myself with stale activities, hoping to forget what had happened. But then, I began to cry. The tears streamed down my face as I realized our friendship was crumbling. At this point, I began drowning in a vast sea of misery. Our senior year plans broke the surface of the sea and tumbled into the ocean’s dark abyss, permanently lost. Just like our friendship. Though I had many other friendships, no relationship compared to the one that had just ended. I felt alone. I was brutally forced to experience senior-year novelties alone. I concealed my pain through my schoolwork. Fortunately (though later unfortunately), I enrolled in five AP classes and became president of the Academic Decathlon club. The advanced material demanded strenuous hours in studying, my instructors immodest in assigning homework. Aside from that, college applications and scholarships awaited my attention. Initially, I wholeheartedly delved into this realm of constant work, because it distracted me from my personal struggles. However, the workload became too much to bear. Most nights, a dim lightbulb brightened my untidy workspace as I frantically scribbled answers on my homework. My once splendid distraction transformed into an untamable flurry of anxiety, deadlines, and tension. My life felt mechanical: I lacked sources of genuine joy owed to the work demanding to be completed. The schoolwork robbed me of time to develop my friendships and severely limited the time spent with my family. Unintentionally, it managed to sink me deeper into my pain. Months passed and the highly anticipated announcement of the exclusive Academic Decathlon team of nine arrived. I jiggled the doorknob and boldly entered the mundane room; a ray of hope glimmered within the muting ocean’s depths. I took pride in my discipline in studying the program’s curriculum and in my active participation in class. My preparation for this moment led me to firmly believe I would integrate into the quaint group that would represent my school’s Academic Decathlon team. Once again, Ms. Mathew assumed her position in the center of the classroom. Everyone knew the nature of her announcement. My hands jittered with adrenaline. â€Å"So, I decided that the students who will represent Higley’s Academic Decathlon at regionals and state will be: Emily, Zoe, Josh, Naya, Katy, Ivy, Jonah, Brooke, and Kyle,† she revealed, almost indifferently. Bitterness and dejection soon enveloped my soul. This was the most important project I had been working on. Yet my efforts seemed oddly insufficient. Angry at the loss of this grand opportunity, I grew envious of the students who took part in this elite team. How could my dedication be overlooked? I deserved this, since I worked so hard. Why would she do this to me? I thought. Being overlooked for the Academic Decathlon team, along with my loneliness and overwhelming schoolwork, propelled me to assume an attitude of indifference and aloofness towards my surroundings. I could believe how terribly my senior year developed. A cloud of constant gloom settled over me, resulting in my further retracting from my social environment. I reflected my innate shyness with everyone, even those I managed to form comfortable and close connections with. No longer was I the girl with the air of self-confidence evident at the beginning of the school-year. For the first time in my life, I completely detached myself from my friends and family. My parents couldn’t understand the magnitude of pain I felt and demanded that I quickly get over my problems. I knew my troubles weren’t the worst thing that could happen to someone; but, they still inflicted profound grief and heartache. The trials heightened and my inner dissatisfaction expanded. I grew desperate to graduate and escape this solemn territory of despondency. I hopelessly tried swimming away from the weight attached to my ankles, but it pulled me closer to my ocean’s bottom. I was drowning. I was depressed. Throughout this entire period, my sadness consumed me; I couldn’t understand why this had occurred to me, which only distanced me from overcoming my depression. I continually wallowed in self-pity. Certain experiences seem unconquerable and demand pain to be felt. But one must persevere. It is vital to accept the inevitable episodes of suffering and pain presented by life; rejecting pain delays maturity and heightens the emotional struggle related to the negative experience. This precisely happened to me. I did not want to acknowledge that chapters of unhappiness are bound to settle in my life, which deepened my internal hardships. Once I managed to recognize this pattern, the weights that once held me down to the sea’s abyss slowly lightened. And now, I am resurfacing.

Byzantine Music And Christianity Religion Essay Essays

Byzantine Music And Christianity Religion Essay Essays Byzantine Music And Christianity Religion Essay Paper Byzantine Music And Christianity Religion Essay Paper The methodological analysis I used for my undertaking was some old books and that analyse the three notation systems of Byzantine music. Through those books it was able for me to understand better how the two old notation systems worked and why the New Chrysantine method was the 1 that Christian church still uses. In order to happen the right books I visitedA theA ArchdioceseA ofA my countryA andA I found the right people who address whatA booksA areA suited forA my undertaking and besides if those resources are dependable. For my research I used besides questionnaires because they provide a convenient manner of garnering information from people who deals with Byzantine Music as instructors, Chanters, and pupils. I design a short and simple questionnaire so it holds the respondent s involvement. The end was to do the respondent want to finish the questionnaire. In my questionnaires I had some inquiries about the old Notation systems but besides the new system but besides I had inquiries about their sentiment about Byzantine music and why the Christian Orthodox church is still uses it. Questionnaires were a method that helped me a batch for conclude my consequences and results because the sentiments and besides the cognition of those people was really of import. Internet research was besides a method that I used. Internet, in our yearss is a topographic point that person can happen a broad scope of information. I used specific articles and web pages which I knew that are first of all dependable beginnings. For illustration I used web sites that I knew the certificates of the writer or websites that are merely for Educational proposes as www.grovemusic.com. In the cyberspace I besides found old undertakings from academic people and people who are experts in Byzantine music. Finally I used Byzantine tonss, tabular arraies, entering and Videos in order to understand how Byzantine notations systems plants, but besides to used them as illustrations in my undertaking. Introduction The Roman Empire was divided in Eastern and Western in the late of fifth Century. Byzantium was the capital metropolis of Easter Roman Empire since King Constantine rebuilds the Constantinople, in 330 A.D until 1453 when Ottomans Turks took the City from the Romans. The Eastern Roman Empire survived until 1453 as the Grecian speaking-Byzantine Empire. Byzantine music, took its name from the modern bookmans depicting the Christian Orthodox church music of the Eastern countries of the Roman Empire and besides the tunes from verse forms in honor of the King. The height of Byzantine music starts from the early old ages of Christianity and includes chants and anthem which entreaty to God. Byzantine music plays a important function in Christian church and that is the ground that I want to analyze and compose about it. In my undertaking I am traveling to give a short description of Music and Christianity but besides a description about the first two notation systems of Byzantine music ; and how they work through the analysis of specific tonss. Besides through of tabular arraies I will explicate the tonic system of Byzantine music and the anthem, and chiefly I will concentrate on the new Byzantine notation system or else the Chrysanthosnotation system. I will besides advert the advantages and disadvantages of the three systems of the Byzantine music, and eventually I will compose some consequences and Outcomes through, my survey of Byzantine music. Chapter I BYZANTINE MUSIC AND CHRISTIANITY The metropolis of Byzantium is the country which is in the present called Constantinople. It was rebuilt by Constantine in 330 A.D and was made the capital metropolis of the Eastern Roman Empire. Christianity was besides accepted by the imperial household in the twelvemonth of 312 A.D. However this caused a major rake between the Orthodox people. During the twelvemonth of 395 A.D, they were divided into two imperiums, the Eastern and Western. Each imperium though maintained a different capital metropolis, the Eastern with the Byzantium and the Western with Rome. Consequently the Christian church so adapted features from the Greek speech production universe and other Greek communities which were around the Eastern Mediterranean. As I mentioned earlier, Byzantine music has to make with church music merely. In an cyberspace article for Byzantine music , the writer Dimitri Conomos references that Byzantine music is the medieval sacred chant of Christian Churches following the Orthodox rite. By stating Byzantine Music that includes the anthem, chants and all of their derived functions which have to make with Christianity and chiefly to God, the Son of God, the Virgin Mary and the Saints of Christian churches. Most hymns and psalms describe the life, miracles and the passions of Jesus Christ every bit good as the Saints . David J. Melling, in the internet article of Reading Psalmodia , references that: When Christianity was established as the official faith of the Roman Empire the Church acquired new and glorious edifices for worship. The rites and ceremonials of Imperial Christianity took on the sedateness and the magnificence of tribunal ritual. A rich traditions of hymnography developed, poets, composers and vocalists conveying their accomplishments to the service of the Church. During the first old ages of Christianity the church male parents did non accept the usage of musical instruments holding anything to make with the Church. As Constantinos G. Eliades references in I?I µI »I µI„I ®I?I ±I„I ± I’I†¦I ¶I ±I?I„I?I?I ®I‚ II?I?I »I ·I?I?I ±I?I„I?I?I ®I‚ I?I?I†¦I?I?I?I ®I‚ ( Studies of Byzantine Ecclesiastical Music ) , they believed that the instrumental music was improper and inappropriate for the Orthodoxy. Even though music has the ability to do you experience rather strong feelings, it is felt even more in Christianity because it is the manner in which we can talk to God. However St. Ignatius wrote to the Church in Ephesus in order to do a alteration. His precise words are in an article in an internet web site: You must every adult male of you to fall in in a choir so that being harmonious and in Concord and taking the keynote of God in unison, you may sing with one voice through Jesus Christ to the Father, so the He may hear you and through your good workss recognize that you are parts of His Son . Grigorios Th. Stathis besides mentions in I- I’I†¦I ¶I ±I?I„I?I?I ® I?I?I†¦I?I?I?I ® I?I„I · I »I ±I„I?I µI?I ± I?I ±I? I?I„I ·I? IIˆI?I?I„I ®I?I · , ( Byzantine music in faith and scientific discipline ) , that the usage of music in the church can assist in the approval of people s psyches and a vocal of the church can be associated with coming and praying. Church music is rather a important and serious affair with a true significance for the Christian population. In a Byzantine music cyberspace article, written by Mavraganis Diamantis, he mentions that Byzantine music is considered to be in a manner the continuity of the ancient Grecian music. He states that many characteristics which can be found in ancient Grecian music, such as the graduated tables, the sounds, and the systems are quite common with those found in Byzantine music. Furthermore in I?I µI »I µI„I ®I?I ±I„I ± I’I†¦I ¶I ±I?I„I?I?I ®I‚ II?I?I »I ·I?I?I ±I?I„I?I?I ®I‚ I?I?I†¦I?I?I?I ®I‚ ( Studies of Byzantine Ecclesiastical Music ) , the writer, Constantinos G. Eliades, references that the ancient Grecian music every bit good as the antediluvian Grecian linguistic communication were the first which were used by the Orthodox Church. With the birth of Jesus Christ followed with the spread of Christianity, Greek music easy became known beyond the parturiency of the Grecian universe and moved to the Holy Places and countries of the Byzantine Empire. There, Grecian music was able to spread out, better, develop, since it was affected by different beginnings. Finally it turned into being a wholly s ecclesiastical type music which serves in a manner the spiritual Orthodox people. The grounds why the music of Christianity was Greek are many. Harmonizing to Constantinos G. Eliades, in I?I µI »I µI„I ®I?I ±I„I ± I’I†¦I ¶I ±I?I„I?I?I ®I‚ II?I?I »I ·I?I?I ±I?I„I?I?I ®I‚ I?I?I†¦I?I?I?I ®I‚ ( Studies of Byzantine Ecclesiastical Music ) , some of these grounds are the undermentioned: to get down with all the music has characteristics which originated in Greece, for illustration the half steps every bit good as the systems which were found by Pythagoras the celebrated Grecian Mathematician. Another ground is that the music of the church was written based on the beat of the anthem which was the characteristic beat used in ancient Grecian music. The writer states that this happened because the instrumentalists were either Greeks or they had known ancient Grecian music really good. Chapter two The Byzantine anthem and the different sorts of them The anthem to God were considered to be the oldest musical act towards Him. The Eastern Churches easy developed assorted church acts names Holy Eucharists from topographic points such as Antioch, Alexandria, and Epheus. As Dimitri Comonos references in the cyberspace article for Byzantine music , these topographic points used the single-channel vocal music at the clip. It is besides rather important to advert that Byzantine music had a immense consequence on the Western chant. Byzantine music was the predominate music for a really long clip which besides lasted for more than 13 centuries. Byzantine hymnography was so split into two periods which gave a new rhythmical form to hymnography. During the first period, dated from the fifth century, the kontakion was developed. In the 2nd period, dated from the terminal of the seventh century the chief anthem developed during the period was the kanon . Egon Wellesz, in his book A history of Byzantine Music and hymnography , references that: Byzantine hymnography is the poetical look of Orthodox divinity, translated, through music, to the domain of spiritual emotion. It mirrors the development of the dogmatic thoughts and philosophies of the Orthodox Church from the early yearss of the Eastern Empire to the full luster of the service at the tallness of its development. The anthem is one of the most of import genres which was developed in Byzantine music. There are assorted sorts of anthems such as the troparia , kontakia and kanones . In an inernet article of Byzantine music Dimitri E. Conomos references that: During the first nine centuries of Christianity, the Byzantine musical tradition of plainsong managed to maintain alive a certain improvisatory excitement that was besides manifest in the spontaneousness of supplications and rites in the early Christian Holy Eucharist. Now, with some shots of a 9th-century pen, the plainchant tunes were caught in a stiff stylization. They became as if embalmed and their stylistic profiles conformed to 9th-century and finally, subsequently, gustatory sensations. The old chants that originated as sung supplications were henceforth crystallised art-objects. Troparia are short responses between the Psalms. The first troparia were written in the fourth century. The tune type of troparia bit by bit became quite important and easy some of troparia developed into more independent anthem. Harmonizing to the cyberspace article, Orama World there is a possibility, that the earliest sets of troparia were those of the known writing of monastic Auxentios which dated from the 5th century. Two of the most of import illustrations of troparia are the Phos Hilarion , which means Gladsome Light , and is dated from the fourth century and O Monogenis Yios , which means the merely Begotten Son . These two illustrations can be found in the introductory portion of the Thia Litourgia which is the Divine Liturgy . The Troparia terminal with two words mentioning to God and are repeated many clip. The features of these anthems are the stichera and the kanones. The stichera are sung in between the poetries of the Psalms. Sticheron is one of the most important parts of Byzantine anthem and the complete music of the stichera is the Sticherarion. The development of the kontakion began during the fifth century A.D. It is a long and complicated metrical discourse. Kontakia evolved from 13 into 18, and in some instances into more than that, with stanzas which are all structurally similar. Accoridng to an cyberspace article in the Britannica Online Encyclopedia, kontakion was introduced into the Byzantine spiritual pattern by St. Romanos Melodos during the first half of the sixth century. St. Romanos became one of the greatest early Christian poets. Harmonizing to the writer of an article in the Goarch it is stated that the first notated versions of kontakia were melismatic which means that there were many notes per syllable and they appeared during the ninth century. Kanones, and their tunes contain texts which were hodgepodges of stereotypic phrases. The tunes were developed harmonizing to the rule of centonization which was qiote common in Eastern music at the clip. Alexander Lingas in his article Hesychasm and Psalmody which is found in the book Mount Athos and Byzantine Monasticism , references that the Sticherarion, which is a book incorporating theoretical account tunes for canons and stichera, contains some syllabic tunes which are easy and each 1 has a alone melodious expression. Sticheron is a type of anthem which is used in the Divine Liturgy. In an article which is found in Grove Music Online , Kenneth Levy and Christian Troelsgard reference that kanones are hymnodic composites which are comprised of nine odes. Each ode includes the heirmos which is followed by troparia with the same music and metrical reproductions as the heirmos. The nine odes are normally independent. A kanon consists of nine different and independent tunes. As Grigorios Stathis references in I- I’I†¦I ¶I ±I?I„I?I?I ® I?I?I†¦I?I?I?I ® I?I„I · I »I ±I„I?I µI?I ± I?I ±I? I?I„I ·I? IIˆI?I?I„I ®I?I · , ( Byzantine music in faith and scientific discipline ) , psalmodia is another basic feature of the Christian Orthodox people. The Byzantine music is music which is wholly written for the church and it is used in the Christian Orthodox Churches in to pray to God, the Son and the Virgin Mary. Alexander Lingas in Hesycasm and Psalmody , says that during the 14th century the hymnody used in the Byzantium had a scope of signifiers and was thought to be a really important cloistered plus which held the chance of being infused with the idea and this shows that the hymnody was accomplished with the head and bosom on God. Psalmodia is sung by the psaltes who are trained in order to sing church music. Psalmodia is the lone chant of the Greek Orthodox Church. Christians who were Grecian speech production used the term psalmodia in order to picture the signifiers of the liturgical vocalizing. Psalmodia which was used in Constantinople had a important map in the agreement of the different Rite of the Church of Hagia Sofia. Alexander Lingas in Music and Liturgy of the Orthodox Traditions references that: All public services of the Byzantine rite are sung, there being no equivalent in the churches of the Orthodox East to the Low Mass of the Latin West. While the proper ecclesiastical term for liturgical vocalizing remains psalmodia, the repertories of plainsong that developed in tandem with the services of the Byzantine rite are today frequently referred to as Byzantine chant or Byzantine music . Chapter four The New Method or Chrysanthine Method Chrysanthos had a good instruction, really good cognition of Latin and Gallic and every bit good as European and Arabic music. He started off as a monastic and so became a hierarch. Peter Byzantios so taught Chrysanthos to intone until Chrysanthos could be considered as a great instrumentalist and composer. Harmonizing to Dimitri E. Comonos article, he mentions that before the foundation of the School, Chrysanthos had used traditional methods of learning which caused his expatriate from the Constantinopolitan Patriarchal to Madytos. However, Chrysanthos did non halt learning the ecclesiastical music because his system for learning was really effectual due to his pupils being able to larn the music notation system of Byzantine music merely in 10 months and non 10 old ages. Subsequently on Holy Synod decides to accept his learning methods and in 1815 he stated learning at the 3rd Patriarchal School along with Protopsaltis Grigorios and the archivist Chourmouzios. In the prologue of I?I µI†°I?I ·I„I?I?I?I? I?I ­I?I ± I„I ·I‚ I?I?I†¦I?I?I?I ®I‚ I?I?I†¦I?I?I?I ®s I §I?I†¦I?I ¬I?I?I?I†¦ I„I?I†¦ I µI? I?I ±I?I?I„I†°I? ( Theoritikon Mega Ti MI?usikis Chrysanthou tou ek Maditon ) , Georgios N. Constantinou quotes the words of Dionysius Vatopedinos which were said during the Holy Eucharist in the Patriarchical Music School: IsI ±I„I ±I†¦I„I ¬I‚ [ I„I ±I‚ I ·I?I ­I?I ±I‚ ] I ·I?I?I?I†¡I?I · I µI? I?I?I?I?I?I? I?I†¡I?I »I µI?I?I? I µI?I‚ I„I? I?I?I?I ±ISI„I?I?I?I? I?I µI„I?I†¡I?I?I? I?I ±I? IˆI ±I?I ±I?I?I?I µI? I?I ­I ±I? I?I ­I?I?I?I?I? I µIˆI?I?I„I ·I?I?I?I?I?I ®I‚ I?I?I†¦I?I?I?I ®I‚ I?I µ I?I ±I?I?I?I µI‚ I?I ±I? I?I?I ±I?I?I ±I„I?I?I ®I? . I?I†¡I?I »I ±I?I†¡I?I?I?I„I µI‚ I µI?I‚ I ±I†¦I„I ®I? I µI?I?I ±I? I ­I?I ±I‚ I?I ±I »I?I?I ·I?I?I‚ I §I?I?I?I ±I?I?I?I‚ I?I ±I? I? I†ºI ±I?IˆI ±I?I ¬I?I?I?I‚ I„I ·I‚ I?I µI?I ¬I »I ·I‚ II?I?I »I ·I?I?I ±I‚ , I?I ±I? I?I†¦I?I„I?I ­I†¡I?I†¦I?I?I? I µI?I‚ I ±I†¦I„I ®I? I?I ±I?I µI?Ià ‚ ¬I?I„I ·I? I†¦IˆI ­I? I„I?I†¦I‚ I?I?I ±I?I?I?I?I?I†¦I‚ I?I ±I?I ·I„I ¬I‚ , I µI? I ±I†¦I„IZI? I µI?I?I ±I? I?I ±I? I ±I?I†¡I?I µI?I µI?I‚ I?I ±I? IˆI?I†°I„I?I?I?I?I?I µI »I?I? ( ) , ( 1815 ) . The account of Dionysius Vatopedinos s missive is the followers: In those yearss a new school opened and teaches a new scientific method of music with regulations and grammar. Teachers are the monastic Chrysanthos and the torchbearer of the Great Church, and more than two 100 pupils are go toing it. Among them are priest and bishops ( aˆÂ ¦ ) , ( 1815 ) . Dionysius Vatopedinos fundamentally states that a school was opened in order to learn the new method of Byzantine music notation which included grammar and regulations of music. The chief instructors were Chrysanthos, a monastic, and the torchbearer of the Great Church. Many pupils including monastics, priests and society people had visited the school in order to larn the New Method of Byzantine music notation. David J. Melling references in an article that: Confronting the complex and hard notation they inherited from their mediaeval predecessors, and an emerging spread between the musical texts used by adept psaltai and the traditional liturgical tunes handed down by ear, several instrumentalists attempted to reform the notation to bring forth something simpler and more intuitive. Indeed, there is grounds that there had already emerged ways of composing a rapid short-hand version of the marks which could even be used to observe down a tune as it was being Sung. A peculiarly successful simplification was designed by Peter Lampadarios [ +1777 ] , but this was eclipsed by the great Reform of the Three Teachers, Houmouzios, Grigorios and Chrysanthos, who designed a new, more analytic notation and transcribed into it a prodigious figure of texts from the psaltic repertory. The New Method of Byzantine Music notation was created during the eighteenth century and began to be taught in the nineteenth century. This included rather simple marks against the two old methods of Byzantine music notation. The New Method is besides called the Chrysanthine Method which took its name from the monastic Chrysanthos who subsequently moved on to became one of the reformists of the church s music notation in 1815. The other reformists of the Byzantine New notation system were Chourmouzios the archivist and Gregorios the Protopsaltis, who was lampadarios ( torchbearer ) . The New Method is still used even today. In The manners and Tuning in Neo-Byzantine Chant Frank Harry Desby references that: Before the New system, ten old ages were required to larn music. The new method made it possible to larn in 10 months. Kate Romanou besides mentions in her article A New Approach to the work of Chrysanthos of Madytos that: The New Method preserved the earlier differentiation between the quantitative and the qualitative neumes. The former indicated the existent notes, while the latter, the rhythmic and expressive niceties or decorations which applied to the notes. Apart from the old marks The New Method, includes new marks of which some were phrasing marks, marks for chromatic intervals, remainders and continuance marks. Chrysanthos besides abrogated a few of the old marks and established new ways of notating. Furthermore in an article Dimitri E. Conomos references that: Chrysanthos besides introduced new procedures of transition and chromatic change and abolished some of the notational symbols. As a consequence of these attempts, a big repertory of psalmody was made available to melody pipes who were ignorant of the melodic and dynamic content of the old marks. With those alterations the choirmasters had the chance to sing a batch of anthem which were hard to make with the old notation systems. In an cyberspace article found in The music portal , the author references that there are three basic tones which are used in order to tune the sound. These tones, which are characteristic of the New Method, are the meizon ( major ) , elasson ( minor ) and the elachistos ( minimun ) . It is besides mentioned that each tone is made up from two tetra chords and one major tone. Byzantine music can acknowledge the octave but the sounds are based in tetra chords and pentachords which are groups of four and five notes consequently. Byzantine Psalmodia uses assorted manners and the choirmaster must cognize all the types every bit good as the features of the manners, in order to understand and be able to intone the music. In another cyberspace article found in The music portal , it is stated that this system is made up of eight manners or echoi ( sounds ) which are split into in the chief four sounds and the five manners. Each reverberation ( sound ) has a different intervals every bit good as gradual development. Morover, Chrysanthos besides structured the eight manners into three different types which are the diatonic, chromatic and enharmonic. These types are besides called three Genera. The diatonic genera, is split into three basic types: the meizon ( major ) , elasson ( minor ) and elaxistos ( lower limit ) . The octave of dad, vou, tabun, di, ke, zw, Ni is divided into 72 stairss or tones. The major tone had 12 grades, which means one tone or measure. The minor tone had 10 grades which means one measure and the minimal tone had 8 grades which means half measure. The diatonic graduated table has besides been a ground of an statement which took topographic point between Chourmouzios and Chrysanthos. Harmonizing to an article written by Ioannis Plemenos, Chrysantho s sentiment was that the diatonic scale consist of major and minor tones, one by one, which began with a minimal tone and hence the diatonic graduated table consisted of 64 units. However the the right graduated table for Chrysanthos had to dwell of 68 units. Therefore, Chourmouzios suggest a new version which could finish the graduated table of Chrysanthos and which consisted of 69 units. Finally, Chrysanthos borrowed the 72 unit division from Aristoxenos, who was a good know mathematician and great music theoretician at the clip. Antioxenos had expressed his ain sentiment in concern to the music intervals of the diatonic graduated table which was the 1 that had the highest proportion. In the image below we can see the diatonic graduated table, as they are in the internet article of David J. Melling: F G A Bb C D E F | 12 | 10 | 8 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 8 | Ga Di Ke Zo Ni Pa Vu Ga The diatonic graduated table is divided in three different types which are the diapason, troxos and triphonia. Diapason is non tranferable and Troxos can besides be called as tetraphonia. In The manners and Tuning in Neo-Byzantine Chant Frank Harry Desby states that: The tetachords are all disjunct. In triphonia the tetra chords are conjuct. The diapason assortment was normally found on kanona or pandoura. Pandoura is a twine instrument which includes three brace of strings. In an article found on the Remoundos web page, the writer references that During the Byzantine period, it [ the pandoura ] is appeared to derive some credence among the civilized persons, since the Archbishop Chrysanthos considered that it was necessary for learning Byzantine music. On pandoura there are some rings which are used in order to slpit the musical instrument into assorted parts where the notes are fixed. Harmonizing to Frank Harry Desby in The manners and Tuning in Neo-Byzantine Chant , he states that the tuning of pandoura has intervals for illustration, perfect fourths and fifths, which are ordinary intervals. However it besides includes some assorted sound effects, for illustration the diapason system is the one which is used in most instances. By stating troxos we mean tetraphonia or a rhythm of five notes. The octave between troxos and diapason is rather similar. Finally, the triphonia or tetrachordon as the tetra chords are joint. In his book, The manners and Tuning in Neo-Byzantine Chant , Frank Harry Desby states that it consists of four confused tetrachords or joint fifths. In this graduated table nevertheless there is no meizon ( major ) tone. In another article, David J. Melling besides mentions that: Here we have big tones of 12 steplets, indistinguishable in size with the Enharmonic tones, but accompanied by lesser tones of 10 steplets and big half steps of 8 steplets. The chromatic graduated table is divided in two types. These are the difficult chromatic graduated table and the soft chromatic graduated table. Below we can see the two types of chromatic graduated tables: Hard chromatic graduated table: D Eb F # G A Bb C # D | 6 | 20 | 4 | 12 | 6 | 20 | 4 | Pa Vu Ga Di Ke Zo Ni Pa Soft chromatic graduated table: C Db E F G Ab B C | 8 | 14 | 8 | 12 | 8 | 14 | 8 | Ni Pa Vu Ga Di Ke Zo Ni The enharmonic graduated table consists merely of 12 and 6 grades: F G A Bb C D E F | 12 | 12 | 6 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 6 | Ga Di Ke Zo Ni Pa Vu Ga Pa Calciferol Rhenium Vou Tocopherol Myocardial infarction Tabun F Fa Di Gram Sol Ke A La Zo Bacillus Silicon Nickel C Nto Chrysanthos made usage of the first seven letters derived from the Greek alphabet which is based on the European system. The graduated table includes the undermentioned syllables: dad, vou, tabun, di, ke, zo, ni. The notes of these syllables are shown in the tabular array below. The chief marks of the Chrysanthine method are ten and their names are: ison, oligon, petasti, kentimata, kentima, hypsele, apostrophos, hyporroi, elafron and chamele. These marks show whether the voice goes down or up or remain the same. These marks are the intermission marks and are besides called neumes. Below the marks and their accounts can be seen, as taken from an on article of St. Anthony s Monastery written by monk Ephraim: ison Chapter V Advantages and disadvantages, of the new method. The Byzantine music first notation was non really good structured, as there were adequate jobs. The most of the anthem were hard to intone from the choirmasters, as they could non transcribed them. The Paleo-Byzantine Music was excessively complicated, but besides non effectual, as a consequence to be difficult for people to understand it and intone the anthem. Kate Romanou, in A New Approach to the work of Chrysanthos of Madytos references that: If, in malice of the great demand of a simpler musical system, all old efforts to accomplish a reform had failed, it was because they adhered to one of two extremely contradictory attacks: the first which wholly broke with tradition, and the 2nd which displayed the familiar complexness and deficiency of lucidity. The 600 old ages of Middle-Byzantine Music notation usage, show that this notation was better than the first 1. Middle-Byzantine notation system was a complete system but included excessively many complex marks. As I mentioned earlier the New Method of the Byzantine Music notation or else the Chrysanthine notation was and still is the simplest notation system for the Byzantine music. Against the Paleo-Byzantine music notation system, the new system and its marks helped the melody pipes to understand the manner that the anthem must be chanted. Despite the jobs that the Middle Byzantine Music notation faced, it existed for many centuries. The Chrysanthine method was that one which exists since the decennary of 1800 until presents. The marks that Chrysanthos adds to his method describe really clearly how the notes and by and large the tune must be chant. In an cyberspace article, the writer references that: Byzantine notation can be used as a rapid stenographic transcriptional method to compose down a tune faster than one could make so utilizing Western notation. This is peculiarly helpful when seeking to enter unrecorded music on paper. Although there are at least a 100 marks in the Byzantine notation, it is preferred for most of the people. It is non difficult for people to larn the Byzantine music notation, it takes merely a small clip. The marks that Chrysanthos added to the new notation system were really helpful. Traveling to the dissadvantages of the New method of Byzantine music notation, I would wish to advert that despite the disagvantages, no 1 believed that the new method should be changed for a new one. Of class there were some suggestions for altering the system but they declined. The first trouble to the Byzantine notation of Chrysanthos was that the Byzantine music of Constantinople did non accept the tetrafonia. During 1878, as I found in an cyberspace article, some people tried to convert the Grecian society of Constantinople to compose the Byzantine anthem utilizing the European system notation. Finally, this was neer happened. During the clip that Chrysanthos introduced the New Method, there were some reactions against the new system. In an cyberspace article and harmonizing to proffesor Ioannis Plemenos, there were many expostulations from the people and espacially for Vasileios Stephanides, a musician and physician during 1819. Vasileios Stephanides believed that Chrysanthos s determination non to utilize some of the marks of the old notation systmes was incorrect. In 1820, as Ioannis Plemenos references in his article, Apostolos Konsta was besides did non accept the New Method of Chrysanthos. Ioannis Plemenos places the words of Apostolos Konsta, which are the undermentioned: ( ) I ­I?I ±I?I µ I?I ±I? I ±I†¦I„I? I?I†¡I?I »I µI?I?I? I?I?I?I?I? I„I†°I? I† I?I?I?I?I†°I? , I?I„I ¬I?I µI†°I? I?I ±I? I†¡I µI?I?I?I?I?I?I?I ±I‚ I?I?I ± I?I ­I?I?I†¦ I„I ·I‚ I?I†¦I?I?I ·I„I?I?I ®I‚ , I ­I†¡I ±I?I µ I?I?I†°I‚ , I ±I »I »I?I?I?I?I?I?I? , I„I ·I? I ±I?I?I µI »I?I?I ®I? I?I µI »I†°I?I?I ±I? , I„I ± I?I?I„IZ I?I ­I?I · I„I ·I‚ I?I »I†¦I?I†¦I„I ¬I„I ·I‚ I µIˆI?I?I„I ®I?I ·I‚ . This means: The three instructors opened a school, merely for notes, remainders and Heironomia, but they lost the b eatific tune and the eight parts of the sweet scientific discipline . Apostolos Konsta means that the new school which opened to learn the New Method of Chrysanthos, was learning merely some notes and marks and lost the chief topic which was the beautiful tune. Another job as Ioannis Plemenos references in his article, it was that Georgios the Lesbios, believed that the New system was non good structured because the three instructors did non seek to happen new marks to increase the notes in a specific pitch. Those who were supported the old notation systems did non desire Chrysanthos to learn the New Method, but eventually allow him to learn, although they were opposite. Chrysanthos was learning in the Third Patriarchical Music School. Consequences and results The Greeks owe the musical notation used today in their churches to Chrysanthos of Madytos, Gregory the Protopsaltes and Chourmouzios the Chartophylax. This notational system, known today as the New Method. With the scrutiny of the old notations we conclude that the extant information about the development of Byzantine notation from the autumn of Constantinople to the 19thA century vividly illustrates the fact that Grecian church instrumentalists had become progressively more baffled and puzzled by the old system. At the same clip Byzantine anthem were being sung more and more from unwritten tradition despite the fact that a series of efforts had been made to simplify the bing notation. Byzantine music is the most of import facet of the Orthodox Christian Church. In our yearss the Orthodox Christian Church is still utilizing the New notation system for their chants and anthem. What is the ground of making that? The ground is that Byzantine notation system is the lone manner to notate the anthem and chants, as the melodious lines includes tonss of melismas but besides hard and unusual types of harmoniousness. Another ground is that, Church wants to forestall its tradition and a manner of making that is maintain that notation system. With analyzing the Byzantine music we can see that Christians use the voice entirely in executing of anthem, intoning as did our Godhead Himself and His adherents. St. John Chrysostom says: Our Savior chanted anthem merely as we do. The Apostolic Constitutions forbid the usage of musical instruments in the church. From the clip of the Apostles, hymnody was single-channel, or homophonic, as it is to this twenty-four hours in our churches [ in Greece ] . The Western Church, in order to satisfy people and blandish their gustatory sensations, put instruments inside the churches, disobeying what was ordained by the Fathers. They did this because they had no thought what liturgical music was and what secular music was, merely as they did non cognize the difference between liturgical picture and secular picture. But the Byzantines distinguished the one from the other, and this shows how much more religious they were in comparing with the Westerners and how much more genuinely they experienced the spirit of Christianity. Byzantine music is, in comparing with the music of the West, precisely as Orthodox iconography is in comparing with the spiritual picture of the West.

Watch movie and answer question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Watch movie and answer question - Assignment Example In respect to the current food policies, they are entitled to food stamps. The food stamps are vouchers that can only be used to buy food. However, they are not endowed as the requirements stipulated. The amounts provided are insufficient to cater for their food needs and sometimes they go without food. Notable is a significant difference between what the individuals are entitled to and what they get. The gap is the primary cause of hunger for Rosie and Barbie. It is a bit difficult to identify individuals who suffer from hunger in America. This is associated with the fact that many have access to food, although not on a routine basis, but they do have a meal quite often. With such access, they do not look malnourished, which is usually an indicator of hunger. People have been depending on charitable food programs which have been forthcoming over time. Thus, they are not malnourished and becomes hard to pinpoint such people. I tend to disagree with Sen. This is simply because the famine that is being experienced in the United States has taken a different form from the traditional known form which was lack of food. The current famine being experiences in the spiraling of food prices to levels such that many cannot afford to buy. Also, poverty levels are on a high, thus even with food in stalls; people cannot afford it. The challenge of hunger is solvable. It requires the United States to make the provision of healthy and nutritious food a priority and also educate the masses on healthy eating behavior. On the long run, every citizen in the country will not only have access to food, but it will be available at low prices. Therefore, the government should implement and adopt policies that are geared towards bringing down the cost of food, making healthy and nutritious food available to all and providing food to those who cannot afford

Strategic And Workforce Plan of WeaveTech Article

Strategic And Workforce Plan of WeaveTech - Article Example It has to be noted that as the plan is rolled out, there are certain changes also needed in other aspects of the HR system as a whole which include training programs for other employees as well as reviewing the structure of the organization to ensure that there is compliance with the envisaged workforce plan. The business metrics that can be used to track the success of the organizational goals and initiatives include performance measurement. The legal implications of this workforce plan relate to federal regulations that stipulate that employees that have been made redundant are entitled to their full benefits and packages and this can strain the organization’s financial position. Indeed, there are compliance issues with the federal law and regulations that should be taken into consideration. Such risks can be mitigated if the downsizing process is carried over a gradual period such that the transition does not impact on the operations of the organization. From the case of We aveTech, internal information required in the development of the workforce plan pertains to elements such as skills development, identifying the gap in terms of the needs of the employee where training is required as well as reviewing the operations of each department in order to streamline them towards the attainment of the set goals and objectives. External information, in this case, relates to headhunting where the executive management should try to look for people with the best talent to replace the managers going to be laid off.

Construction Health and Safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Construction Health and Safety - Essay Example Otherwise, any designer who may be engaged by a domestic client is obliged to comply with the rules. Construction works refer to construction alteration, upkeep, repair and maintenance, commissioning, renovation, decommissioning, redecoration, fitting-out, demolition or dismantling. It also includes site preparation, exploration and surveys. Failure to comply with the code is treated as evidence of breach of health and safety legislation by a court of law. The regulations cover the responsibilities of clients, the roles of principal contractors and sub-contractors, the roles of designers and planning supervisors (Griffiths and Griffiths, 2011). The CDM regulations help in the improvement of health and safety in construction industries. When these regulations are followed to the letter, a significant improvement is observed. Then, they ensure that the construction involves the right people at the right time. Risk management is done on time to reduce its vulnerability and possibility o f occurrence. The construction team is also able to focus on effective planning and practical management of risks. Every one in the controlling site work is charged with responsibilities of ensuring that work conditions are healthy and safe before work commences. They also ensure that the work to be done will not expose others into risk. The CDM 2007 places all those involved in construction work with legal duties commonly called duty holders. generally, the CDM regulations is aimed at facilitating, and enhancing the overall management and coordination of health, safety and welfare in the entire process of a construction project to reduce the rate of injuries and serious accidents that occur in the construction industry (Kogan Page Ltd, 2012). The Designers Response These are organisations or persons involved in preparing designs which involves drawing, designing detail, preparing specifications, creating bills of quantities, specifying articles and substances, analysing, calculatin g and preparing for the construction work. Designers include architects, structural engineers, building surveyors, mechanical and electronic engineers. The responses on whether the designers’ duties are appropriate, reasonable and proportionate attracted various responses. Recommendations stated that there should be more guidance in the regulations on a risk management hierarchy since they are under considerable economic pressure from clients to reduce the costs. Education was the key to improving designer understanding, especially on risk assessment issues, availability of funds for training on new designer principles in companies struggling to survive (Murdoch and Hughes, 2007). Half of the accidents could be avoided through better understanding of the relationship between design and construction. The duties however need to be more prescriptive to make them easier to follow. There should be also some responsibility on others who impact the design of the works like local pla nning departments and local authorities. Greater clarification is required on the definition of design work. Again, the designers need to start a project work after a coordinator has been appointed (Ramsey, 2007). The Resident Owner or Facilities Manager Response Facilities managers have been the main

Representation Of Women In Hindi Cinema Film Studies Essay

Representation Of Women In Hindi Cinema Film Studies Essay Hindi cinema has always been a major point of reference for Indian culture and society. Not only has it shaped but also expressed the changing scenarios and contours of Indias cultural and societal sentiments to such an extent that no other preceding art form could ever achieve. Hindi cinema has influenced the way in which people perceive and deal with various aspects of their own lives. Cinema means different things for different people, for some it is the greatest and the most appreciated medium of entertainment, while for others it is just a medium that disseminates moving pictures. And then there are people who think that it is a medium that reflects the true mood and the changing scenario or rather reality of the society that produces it. Not only does it reflect, it also shapes and influences a society. One can say that cinema and society influence each other. Cinema, is a true reflection of the society and what we see in movies actually happens, otherwise where do these films get their inspiration from? Movies now portray live-in relationships, girlfriends and boyfriends, pre-marital sex, corruption, people following live and let live policy in life and family, liberal parents, colleges are depicted like dating parties and professors like friends. Of course one has to admit that it is all exaggerated and blown up, sometimes even in epic proportions, but the core idea, the crux, the central theme, comes from the society itself. Obviously those situations and reflections of life and society are exaggerated and blown up converting it all into a motion picture with elements of drama, suspense and comedy so as to attract spectators. The society and the world that we live in is changing and these changes are echoed in the cinema. Lets take the example of the humble and illiterate mother or ma depicted in the Hindi movies of 60s, through the 70s right till the 80. The ma was a female figure, an epitome of sacrifice and hard work, caring and bothered about nothing but her children. She burned the midnight oil to stitch clothes to afford two meals a day and to pay for the heros BA degree, has slowly got replaced with the modern, educated and sometimes even independent mom. The heroine who was normally a simple homely girl has now been replaced by a woman who is not only educated and bold but is also confident about her sexuality. The hero no longer falls in love with a innocent uneducated gaon-ki-gori. He has now been replaced by a simple boy next door with no palaces to live in, with human capabilities, flaws and aspirations. The result is that the audience can now easily relate with the lead characters of the film. But there is a different aspect, a different side to the coin, as well; cinema itself can herald or bring about changes in the society. It inspires fashion and crimes when people try to mimic what they see in movies, failing to realise that what they see on screen is an altered or modified version of reality that is made to look glamorous though instruments and technology and that life like cinema is not predictable. But, there are some movies that bring about positive changes as well like the recent change in the old policy followed by CBSE as a result the movie Tare Zameen Par (2007). CBSE now gives extra time to dyslexic students for their board exams. Similarly, public interest in hockey was renewed after the hit movie Chak De (2007). So it wouldnt be wrong to say that cinema isnt just a source of popular entertainment for families and individuals, but also a vehicle of social change, as it should be. Audiences like to see the familiar on screen. They like to see what they know, what they are aware of, what they believe and it is this reflection on screen that caters to the tastes and sensibilities of the masses. People derive joy, pleasure and amusement when they watch such films and therefore it is the audience that decides what goes into a film. Next it is the investor. The producer of a film would want to invest in something that would fetch him some returns on his investment and therefore they put their money in films that would make the audience happy and consequently bring in the greens for the investors. Unless a film caters to the mass audience, it will not be economically viable. The representation of women is often used as a selling point of the films. Audience likes to watch women on screen in various song and dance routines, in stereotypical images, in various costumes ( as discussed in chapter 2) and the reflection of women on screen change from time to time with changing trends in the continuously evolving society ( as discussed in chapter 3). It is true that the changing ideologies of a society have the power over what is depicted on screen and how it is depicted but another truth is the fact that the patriarchal undercurrents in our society are still the same. Women are still depicted in a way that caters to the male gaze. Women are still categorised and this has been achieved through song and dance sequences, through various forms of dress and through stereotypical images. All these factors help to compartmentalise women, turn them into a fetish leaving no room for the real woman to be depicted on screen. A cursory glance on the history on Hindi cinema and the changing trends of society and cinema leads one to believe that Bollywood has progressed over time in terms of depiction of women. Globalization and western culture has had a strong influence and a huge impact on the content films, the locations where they are shot and even the settings. But a closer examination of the films reveal that indeed there has been progress, but only in terms of technological devices that are used for special effects, locations as in they are more scenic, the films have begun to represent N.R.Is, the speech has westernised, the dresses have a modern influence and the entire aspect of film making and marketing has becoming more commercial and corporate like. It has truly become an Industry, a business. Women are still depicted or portrayed in the old moulds of feminity. Heroines are westernised, as is everything around them, but this has resulted in turning a woman into a commodity that needs to be made a spectacle of so that the film can sell well. The western influence and modernisation has led to more skin show in order to make the film commercially viable as it is now sold to Indian as well as western audiences. Mythology, religion, notions and ideas about family and tradition, cultural ethos, all of these strongly influence Bollywood and consequently the representation of women on screen. But one must understand that all these values that dictate the trends of Bollywood are ruled and dominated by the premise of patriarchy and therefore women are represented in a manner which is submissive to these values and therefore subject to control by men. The women are shown in subordinate roles, upholding traditional values. They represent the community and are seen as repository of community values. Women authenticate a national/cultural identity. The body of the woman is the carrier of cultural signs. Symbols of marriage like the mangalsutra, sindoor etc. are fetishized. Women are represented as prototypes, one dimensional characters as daughters, wives, daughter-in-law, courtesan, lover, widow. Such stereotypes have no personal traits, no substance in terms of character and temperament; they only exist in relation to men, to heroes on screen. They are there as foils to the male characters so as to highlight their characteristics. Feminity as it is outlined by the premise of patriarchy is more often than not adhered to in Indian films. However, through an analysis of new emerging trends in Bollywood cinema as well as the parallel cinema, it becomes clearly visible that some women break this mould. There are films that portray women in bold and strong characters and sometimes even as individuals but such films are not very successful commercially. And also the answer to the question whether women in Hindi cinema are constructed so as to attract male gaze remains yes because even in those films, the heroines who played the bold, strong and individual characters were good looking and attractive, they were used in various song and dance sequences and were objectified through the use of costumes and other cinematic tools. There have been attempts to emancipate women from the constraining stereotypical moulds through representation of strong women characters in powerful roles in mainstream cinema but they have been only partially successful because those films were made but they werent very successful. The art movies or parallel cinema as they call it, emerging in the 1970s, avoided objectifying women, and focussed on showcasing the prevalent oppression and exploitation of women in our society. But the overriding themes, ideologies and concepts of religion, culture and tradition have a very strong foothold when it comes to Hindi cinema and they entrap representation of women in fixed moulds of stereotypes strengthened by patriarchy. Events seldom catapult women characters of Indian cinema to a white-hot spotlight. They are dumped into the quagmires of tension-packed fireworks of the home-prison or the ambitious exploitations of healers and killers, lovers and betrayers. The women are shown as having no spheres of their own, no independent identity, no living space. They go down in collective memory as organic imperfections, ramshackle, rickety, unhinged creations, mere fictional constructs of the fragile handle with care male ego. Hindi films with excellent photography, picturesque locations, designer costumes and gorgeous heroines enthral and influence audiences in a manner which slowly and steadily transforms the way they think and perceive the world around them. The youth that forms a large chunk of the audience start aping what is shown in screen in terms of costumes, language, style and above all the norms and ideologies highlighted by the films. These ideologies prescribe that domestic bliss and societal recognition is achievable only through submission to the pre-established hierarchies. One of the dictates of such ideologies is that women should be submissive and subordinate to the males in family and in society in general. Films often show heroes pursuing the heroines not with poetry, as the idea of chivalry preaches, but with songs and sequences that manhandle the heroine, pestering her with antics like playing with her dupatta, pulling and pinching her cheeks, blocking her path, coming too close for comfort and sometimes even kissing her without her permission. The girl initially tries to get away from this brute but finally gives in to him and accepts his love. The marvel of marvels happens when she succumbs to such degrading antics and is won over by his charm. Is it any wonder that eve teasing is rampant in this country when films show women giving in to such demeaning and crude gestures used by the male in the film in order to court her? In case a girl is raped in a film, the girl is compelled to marry the perpetuator of such a deplorable and detestable act. The girl isnt even asked if she wants to spend the rest of her life with the man responsible for violating her physically and psychologically in such a horrendous manner and robbing her of her freedom. The woman becomes the property of the man who ruined her life. If she refuses to marry her rapist she is immediately alienated from the society and is deemed undeserving of anyones sympathy and support for she refused to marry the man who violated her and then was willing to provide for her as his wife. The perpetuator, the criminal here becomes noble and self-righteous for in the act of agreeing to marry the woman he raped hes redeemed himself. The victim, if she refuses to marry him, becomes ungrateful, perverted and promiscuous for she refused a mans offer of marriage, a man who as per the norm, could have shrugged off all responsibility towards her. Most Hindi films portray love stories between a rich boy and a poor girl or vice versa. The predictable and often repeated story line being that they meet, fall in love, encounter opposition from their respective families, communities and society and finally they get married after innumerable trials and tribulations. The rich boy who wants to marry below his station is considered noble, heroic, sacrificing and generous while a rich girl who wants to marry the poor boy is often portrayed as fashionable, independent, spoilt, pampered and bratty who desperately needs to be tamed and domesticated so as to bring her in line with what the society expects. In other words she needs to wear Indian dresses with bindi and bangles, should be able cook and serve to the family and finally should see her husband as her sole reason for existence. This she is transformed into by the poor boy who as reward gets the woman as a trophy in the end. The whole idea defies logic. Why would a rich and pampere d girl want to marry a poor boy for there are enough good men in the world with the same moneyed background? The underlying patriarchal assumption being that any man is good enough to marry a girl, rich or poor doesnt matter. A woman, in a film, who puts her aspirations, ambitions and career before family is considered ruthless and also at time unwomanly but if a man does the same he becomes noble and virtuous. If a woman does it she is to be condemned for her professional goals come in the way of serving the family and her husband but if a man does it he is doing so to provide for his family which is commendable. The double standards of the society and hypocrisy of the patriarchal ideologies promoted by films are more than evident but such films are accepted by the audiences and they go on to become hits. The same ideology and story is repeated film after film transforming the ideology into a norm that soon becomes a trend followed by the people. Wielding the camera is probably a more onerous responsibility than wielding the pen, as the visual medium is several times more powerful than the written one. Add to this the sway that tinsel towns charismatic heartthrobs have over the masses and the job of film makers as arbiters of taste and public opinion becomes that much more accountable. The ideology of patriarchy works through the concept of female morality setting territorial limits for the whole idea of feminine identity and exposing the hypocrisy of male attitude that ultimately seeks patriarchal domination of women. A females body remains central to the societys as well as her realization of self. Patriarchy, that asserts itself through marriage, adultery and rape, works through the female body. On the other hand a female who tries to resist patriarchy uses her body to express her freedom, desire and sexuality. Powerful woman characters and their impact is eclipsed by the manner in which she is depicted as stereotypes trapping a woman in roles that submit to the dictatorial conventions of our society in the process inhibiting the qualities of a woman as an individual at peace with herself and comfortable in the world of her personal aspirations and interests. This is because a girl child in the formative years of growing up is conditioned through the process of socialization where her freedom and liberty is cut down drastically. At a very young age she learns to submit to the whims and fancies of the patriarchal society. She gives in to the tyrannies of our society and forgets all about her own emotional, social and financial needs along with her individual aspirations. Women in our society are perceived and therefore represented as inferior beings. The realities of the patriarchal society and the standards set by it make the woman under confident and make her believe that the only form of security she can achieve is through obedience to the society that terrorizes her to begin with. This ideology perpetuated by the masculine world around her makes a woman consent to the unreasonable emotional, social and financial demands made upon her, all in the name of peace, happiness, order and security.

Finance in Business :: Papers

Finance in Business For a business to be successful in the increasingly competitive business environment detailed financial plans and accounts must be drawn up and followed consistently. With so many financial demands placed on small it is vital that all cost are calculated and accounted for prior to the businesses start-up date, these costs are referred to as 'start up costs' Start Up Costs ============== Start-up costs are any payments that my business needs to make prior or opening. ==================================================================== [IMAGE] Rent of premises and equipment. [IMAGE] Wages of any employees ---------------------- Finance must be supplied for any form of ongoing advertising campaigns or sales promotion techniques. [IMAGE] Utilities - gas, water and electricity need to be supplied to my business at all times [IMAGE] Maintenance of business premises, this could also include possible expansion of the business. [IMAGE][IMAGE] Examples of Running Costs businesses are subjected to. Some Star-Up costs also apply during the general running of the business as 'running costs'. Running Costs are payments that are made once the business has started trading. I shall now calculate how much the above costs will affect my business venture. I shall calculate firstly the start-up costs and then the running costs for a sample three-month period. In order to calculate costs effectively I shall design the outlay of my shop first. Designing the layout of my shop. When I began to design the layout of my shop I considered a number of potential problems and requirements, I came to the conclusion that the three most important requirements my shop needed were - * Hygiene * Appearance * Safety By applying serious thought and consideration I aim to solve these issues and be able to design a shop that is both efficient and appealing to customers. Hygiene The layout of the equipment I require in my shop has to allow for easy