The History and Invention of the Paperclip

Historical references describe fastening papers together as early as the 13th century. During this time, people put ribbon through parallel incisions in the upper left-hand corner of pages. Later, people started to wax the ribbons to make them stronger and easier to undo and redo. This was the way people clipped papers together for the next six hundred years. In 1835, a New York physician named John Ireland Howe invented the machine for mass-producing straight pins, which then became a popular way to fasten papers together (although they were not originally designed for that purpose). Straight pins were designed to be used in sewing and tailoring, to temporally fasten cloth together. Johan Vaaler Johan Vaaler, a Norwegian inventor with degrees in electronics, science, and mathematics, invented the paperclip in 1899. He received a patent for his design from Germany in 1899, as Norway had no patent laws at that time. Vaaler was an employee at a local invention office when he created the paperclip. He received an American patent in 1901. The patent abstract says, It consists of forming same of a spring material, such as a piece of wire, that is bent to a rectangular, triangular, or otherwise shaped hoop, the end parts of which wire piece form members or tongues lying side by side in contrary directions. Vaaler was the first person to patent a paperclip design, although other unpatented designs might have existed first. American inventor Cornelius J. Brosnan filed for an American patent for a paperclip in 1900. He called his invention the Konaclip. A History of Paperclips It was a company called the Gem Manufacturing Ltd. of England that first designed the double oval-shaped, standard paperclip. This familiar and famous paperclip  was and still is referred to as the Gem clip. William Middlebrook of Waterbury, Connecticut, patented a machine for making paperclips of the Gem design in 1899. The Gem paperclip was never patented. People have been re-inventing the paperclip over and over again. The designs that have been the most successful are the Gem with its double oval shape, the non-skid which held in place well, the ideal used for thick wads of paper, and the owl paperclip that does not get tangled up with other paperclips. World War II Protest During World War II, Norwegians were prohibited from wearing any buttons with the likeness or initials of their king on them. In protest, they started wearing paperclips, because paperclips were a Norwegian invention whose original function was to bind together. This was a protest against the Nazi occupation and wearing a paperclip could have gotten them arrested. Other Uses A paperclips metal wire can be easily unfolded. Several devices call for a very thin rod to push a recessed button which the user might only rarely need. This is seen on most  CD-ROM  drives as an emergency eject should the power fail. Various  smartphones  require the use of a long, thin object such as a paperclip to eject the  SIM card. Paperclips can also be bent into a sometimes effective  lock-picking  device. Some types of  handcuffs  can be unfastened using paper clips.

Lifting as We Climb Essay - 3009 Words

Lifting as We Climb Harriet Jacobs, Frances E. W. Harper, and Anna Julia Cooper are three African American female writers who have greatly impacted the progress of black womanhood. Through their works, they have successfully dispelled the myths created about black women. These myths include two major ideas, the first being that all African American women are perceived as more promiscuous than the average white woman. The second myth is that black women are virtually useless, containing only the capabilities of working in white homes and raising white children. These myths caused these women to be degraded in the eyes of others as well as themselves. In Jacobs Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Harpers Iola Leroy, and Coopers A†¦show more content†¦In 1863, she and her daughter moved to Alexandria, where they supplied emergency relief, organized primary medical care, and established the Jacobs Free-school for the refugees. This school supplied education by African American teachers. After th e war, they sailed to England and successfully raised money for a home for Savannahs black orphans and aged individuals. Upon moving to Washington, DC, she continued to work among the destitute freed people while her daughter worked in the newly established colored schools. In 1896, she was involved in organizing the National Association of Colored Women. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl is a true account of Jacobs life. In her preface, she assures us that it is not a fictional narrative and all the events, however incredible, are strictly true. The narrative begins with her background information, it is then that we learned that her mother passed away, leaving her behind when she was still very young. Six years later her kind mistress sickens and dies as well. After this sad occurrence, Linda is sent to work at the home of Dr. Flint, her late mistress relative. This transition is the gateway to the hell of her enslavement. 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Investigation of Health Literacy Relationshipâ€Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: How Do To Investigation of Health Literacy Relationship? Answer: Introduction The concept of health literacy is a recent concept and has different implications. One of the aspects of the concept is the required skill and knowledge to use the health information for navigation through the system and to make effective decision regarding the health. The skills helps to identify the information required and the knowledge helps to interpret and communicate those to make informed decision regarding the health related issue. Another aspect to this scenario is the fact that cultural diversity is based on the differences which have its basis on the value, custom, action, belief, thought, race, religious practices, different social and ethnic group, and different way of communication. The process of communication in the culturally diverse environment is important to make a plan for the health care which would be congruent culturally (Schwartzberg et al., 2007). In the communication process the verbal, oral and non verbal communication approaches develops a holistic commu nication. The health care service providers are important role players in the communication process and building the health related literacy. The service provider disseminates the information, structure to the consumer. On the basis of the disseminated information the service users can perceive it in an effective and take efficacious decisions (health.vic.gov.au, 2017). In this context it is mentionable here that the communication among the culturally diverse consumer is a challenge for the health care professional. The lack of health literacy further compromises the healthcare needs of the general population. Improving the health literacy is a challenging process for the health care service provider. In regards to the improvement in the communication aspect like ability to understand the written health information, ability to understand the oral directions would help the patients and their family member to address the challenges (Shahid et al., 2009). The low level of health literacy results in misunderstanding of the provided instruction and information associated with healthcare services which are available for the general population. The people having low levels of health literacy fails in availing the health care services in an effective manner. As a result of this, the physical and the mental health of the individuals are in poor state as compared to the literate people. The rate of hospitalisation also increases proportionately as they cannot take adequate protective measures so as to ensure their health and well being. These factors play a vital role in lowering the life expectancy of the individual. The health literacy is one of the important factor in enhancing the health status of the population and developing their living pattern (Peerson Saunders, 2009). Another benefit of enhanced level of health literacy is the reduced spending on health care. The reason being, the people will be more aware of their own health and wellbeing and thus they will be able to take appropriate measures in order to ensure their health and well being (health.vic.gov.au, 2017). The aspect of health literacy is impacted by different diverse cultural factors. The interpretation and understanding of the health care related messages is based on cultural value, belief, perspective and preferences. In the culturally diverse setup, the language is one of the important aspects which determine the extent of health awareness among the masses. In Australia around 3 million people in the age group of 15 to 75 years age group have English as their second language (Abs.gov.au, 2009). Language is one of the main barriers that restricts the patients and their family member from understanding the information and instruction of health care properly which are delivered in diff erent language other than their mother language. Still within this group 25% of the population is better informed about their personal health as compared to the 44% of people speaking English as their first language. The practice and belief related to health comes from the historical and ethnic background of the patient as stated in healing model of Folk. The model describes that in this context of historical and ethnic background, the process of healing is treated as an art and that should be in alignment with the culture of the care users. Here the healer who is recognised in the ethnic community delivers the healing through the capitalisation process of belief and faith (Willis and Elmer, 2011). In this context if the scenario of Australia is reffered it can be noticed that it is one of the most culturally diverse countries in the world with large ethnic population who emphasizes on their traditions. This health model can be implemented in the western modern medicine and there the patient would use the healing process as felt suitable by him. In the indigenous culture of Australia the belief is that the illness and such cause of death are caused by the supernatural forces and wherein the heale r intervenes through their supernatural power (Shim, 2010). In this approach some illnesses which are mild in nature do not have such explanations rather they are described as the disturbance of the equilibrium of the body. In those cases the herbal medicine is used. In these cases the cultural factor acts as a barrier in proper understanding of the health related issue and there the health literacy (Srensen et al., 2012). In these cases when treatment is provided with the help of modern western approach, a lack of health literacy may create problem in the appropriate treatment. Here the health care service provider have to be culturally sensitive and competent (safetyandquality.gov.au, 2013). They need to develop positive attitude towards the differences, better communicational skills to effectively deliver the necessary information to the patients so that they can be benefited from the health care services. In Australia the health literacy is generally understood as the cognitive ability and proficiency over the language of English for acquiring health care related information and decisions. The cultural, linguistic and cognitive ability must be considered in order to have a holistic view regarding the health literacy. In the absence of that, the earlier approach would continue to provide challenges. In the present time, the health related information is available over the internet. Some time the access to internet becomes the main challenge in the health literacy front (Egbert and Nanna, 2009). The available information over the internet sometimes is written in scientific or tough medical language which is difficult to understand and comprehend by the general population. Using complicated language associated with health care services thus becomes a negative issue for the promotion of health literacy. There could be thrust issue among the people who have low literacy regarding health care services. To overcome the challenge the healthcare professional have to first gain the trust of those people. The reason being, due to the cultural diversity of the patient may have face challenge in reading and writing in the English language. Another issue could be lack of revelation of certain information because of cultural stigma or socio economic condition. In both the cases the health care service provider fine it difficult to make the information accessible to these population (Keast and Dragon, 2015). In this context the cross cultural and the interpersonal form of communications help to navigate through the situation. However it cannot be ignored here that in certain situations cultural diversity can bring positive results also. Another mentionable issue is the listening skill of the individual. There are instructions that are given verbally. In that case the listening skills of the patients helps to understand the information (Dhhs.tas.gov.au, 2016). This is a vital part of the communication process and also for the health literacy. There are people in the country who come as refugee. In those cases the basic literacy and educational level along with the cultural differences are some of the factor that effect the health related communication. The discrimination and the stigmatisation in the health care system can have a negative impact on the health literacy and this would invariably prevent the effective delivery of the health related information to the general population (Nutbeam, 2008). In the communication process another mentionable barrier is the approach of the people who are culturally diverse or have low health literacy. There the same patients do visit the health care profession repeated time for the treatment related issues. Each time they go to a new health care service provider, the communication process gets disrupted (Keast and Dragon, 2015). The development and the maintenance of the communication process under the scenario of low health literacy and problem related to cultural diversity, gets affected. One of the strategies for the health literacy and communication would be to make the information accessible to the people. In that context the development of the web sites need to be user friendly and the language used in those scenarios need to be simple so that ordinary people can understand and can build up the knowledge base. The training process of the health care service provider for the improvement of the cultural competency, interpersonal communication would be useful (Egbert and Nanna, 2009). There must be much more research done for the understanding of the cultural diversity and improving the health literacy. This research information would be useful for the care provider in delivering the proper service and information to the patients. Conclusion Health literacy is one of the important aspects in the modern health care system. The high level of health literacy ensures better participation and communication of the information in the health care system. This approach helps to improve the outcome in the process. To build up effective health literacy the prioritisation of the information need to be done. The health care system and the policy makers need to use different resources and tools in the improvement of the health related information delivery (Kreps Sparks, 2008). For the development of the health related literacy in the culturally diverse community, there needs to be effective partnership between the private and the public sector. This would play a vital role in ensuring the utilisation of effective strategies which would help to ensure the health and safety of the normal population. Cultural competency is one the important factor for the health care service provider (Thackrah Thompson, 2013). The better interpersonal communication also helps to delivery information better to the patients who have low health literacy and come from the culturally diverse community. Reference Abs.gov.au. (2009).4102.0 - Australian Social Trends, June 2009. [online] Retrived from: https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4102.0Main+Features20June+2009. Dhhs.tas.gov.au. (2016).Health literacy | Public Health. [online] Retrived from: https://www.dhhs.tas.gov.au/publichealth/about_us/health_literacy. Egbert, N. and Nanna, K. (2009). Health Literacy: Challenges and Strategies.The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, [online] 14(3). Retrived from: https://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Vol142009/No3Sept09/Health-Literacy-Challenges.html. health.vic.gov.au. (2017).Health literacy enabling communication and participation in health. [online] Retrived from: https://www2.health.vic.gov.au/getfile?sc_itemid=%7bDA781D6C-5C54-4FBE-B080-36314C4203D3%7dtitle=Health%20literacy%20enabling%20communication%20and%20participation%20in%20health. Keast, K., Dragon, N. (2015). Indigenous health: STEPPING INTO THE GAP.Australian Nursing and Midwifery Journal,22(8), 18. safetyandquality.gov.au. (2013).Consumers, the health system and health literacy: Taking action to improve safety and quality. [online] Retrived from: https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Consumers-the-health-system-and-health-literacy-Taking-action-to-improve-safety-and-quality3.pdf. Thackrah, R. D., Thompson, S. C. (2013). Refining the concept of cultural competence: building on decades of progress.Med J Aust,199(1), 35-8. Willis, K., Elmer, S. (2011). Ethnic diversity in healing practices and health issues. In K. Willis S. Elmer, Society, Culture and Health: An Introduction to Sociology for Nurses: (pp 143-165). Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Srensen, K., Van den Broucke, S., Fullam, J., Doyle, G., Pelikan, J., Slonska, Z., Brand, H. (2012). Health literacy and public health: a systematic review and integration of definitions and models.BMC public health,12(1), 80. Peerson, A., Saunders, M. (2009). Health literacy revisited: what do we mean and why does it matter?.Health promotion international,24(3), 285-296. Shim, J. K. (2010). Cultural health capital: a theoretical approach to understanding health care interactions and the dynamics of unequal treatment.Journal of Health and Social Behavior,51(1), 1-15. ROSS ADKINS, N. A. T. A. L. I. E., Corus, C. (2009). Health literacy for improved health outcomes: effective capital in the marketplace.Journal of Consumer Affairs,43(2), 199-222. Shahid, S., Finn, L. D., Thompson, S. C. (2009). Barriers to participation of Aboriginal people in cancer care: communication in the hospital setting.Med J Aust,190(10), 574-579. Schwartzberg, J., Cowett, A., VanGeest, J., Wolf, M. (2007). Communication Techniques for Patients With Low Health Literacy: A Survey of Physicians, Nurses, and Pharmacists. American Journal Of Health Behavior, 31(1), 96-104. https://dx.doi.org/10.5993/ajhb.31.s1.12 Nutbeam, D. (2008). The evolving concept of health literacy.Social science medicine,67(12), 2072-2078. Kreps, G. L., Sparks, L. (2008). Meeting the health literacy needs of immigrant populations.Patient education and counseling,71(3), 328-332.